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Echoes of the Ice Age (Pre-History)
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Ishmael


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Echoes of the Ice Age

In this thread, we explore evidence that human civilization was already developed to a surprising degree prior to the end of the last Ice Age.

We also explore evidence suggesting the Ice Age ended much more recently than is presently believed, as well as theories explaining Ice Age occurrences by a re-positioning of the Earth's rotational axis.
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Ishmael


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Bolivia
I


The natives of Bolivia are famed for their ability to live and function at extremes of altitude at which all other human beings are incapable of long-term function.

Of course, the natives did not always possess this ability. It is an adaptation. Their special abilities evolved in response to their environment. One might imagine generations of Bolivians slowly making their way up the mountainsides with the more adaptive among them capable of exploiting the edge of the altitude frontier.

But it didn't happen this way.

The natives never moved at all. It was the Earth that moved around them and below them.
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Ishmael


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Bolivia
II

In Bolivia, there is an ancient ruin of a long-abandoned city by the name of Tiwanaku.

Now, funny thing about Tiwanaku; anthropologists agree that it was once a port city: A port situated on the shores of a lake. Lake Titicaca.

The lake is still there but not quite in the right spot anymore; it's now 300 feet below the city: 300 feet below the port. At some point in the past, before or after the city was abandoned, the water level in the lake dropped dramatically.

Now if we wanted to restore the ancient shipyards of Tiwanaku, we couldn't do so merely by pouring some new source of water into the lake. That wouldn't raise the water levels, because Titicaca has already an existing outflow. Adding more water to the lake would only send more of it out over the brim of the lake to cascade down the mountainside to the ocean---an ocean that is 13,000 feet below.

So here we have a port city, Tiwanaku, positioned 300 feet above a lake that is located 13,000 feet above the ocean---a lake that can't be any deeper than it is already.
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Ishmael


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Bolivia
III


Off the eastern shores of the Chinese mainland there exists an island named Taiwan: A name strikingly similar to that of Tiwanaku. A single letter separates the two words in their traditional English rendering. Regardless of the spelling, the two places bear names that, phonetically, are strikingly similar. We might well speak and compare Ti-wan and Ti-wan-a-ku.

But isn't there somewhere else, relatively nearby, with that same name?

There is.

Ti-wan-a.

You know it as Tijuana: The largest city on the Baja peninsula.

That's three locations. Three points on the map. Ti-wan, Ti-wan-a, and Ti-wan-a-ku.

Now Ti-wan-a was originally home to "native americans" known as Kumiai, characterized as "hunter gatherers". Let's ignore that characterization and make Ti-wan-a a port city, like the similarly named lost city of Ti-wan-a-ku in Bolivia. Ti-wan-a, of course, isn't adjacent any great lake. It sits adjacent the Pacific Ocean. So the port in Ti-wan-a is strictly for ocean-going ships.

Let's get on one then.

Let's board a ship in Ti-wan-a (Tijuana) and sail directly west, maintaining exactly the same latitude.

Some weeks later we make landfall.

I'm sure you've guessed where.

It's Taiwan.
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Ishmael


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Bolivia
IV


Ok. So it's actually not quite Taiwan where we make landfall. We first encounter the extreme southern tip of Japan and then follow Ryukyu Island chain to the southwest before arriving in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the latitude of Taiwan precisely matches that of Baja California's southern tip.

Pictured at left is a representative of the Atayal people: Aboriginal inhabitants of Taiwan. They're also known as the Tayan people, which to my eye looks like just an alternate way of writing Ta-wan people. Also to my eye, they compare rather closely with the Bolivians and Kumiai pictured above. But in fact, anthropologists tell us that the Atayal are Austronesians, an ethinc and linguistic group that includes natives of:
  • Malaysia
  • East Timor
  • the Philippines
  • Indonesia
  • Brunei
  • Madagascar
  • Micronesia
  • Polynesia
  • New Zealand
  • Hawaii
  • the non-Papuan people of Melanesia.
  • the Pattani region of Thailand
  • the Cham areas of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Hainan, China.
It most definitely does not include natives of Baja California nor does it include natives of Boliva. Absolutely not! Don't get any crazy ideas.
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Ishmael


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Bolivia
V


If we decide Ti-wan-a in Baja California was an oceanic port city, what of Ti-wan-a-ku? Can we make it the same? If we wished to do so, we've got a lot of explaining to do, it being located 13,000 feet above the ocean, way up in the Andes! To make Ti-wan-a-ku an oceanic port, we've either got to lower the mountains or raise the sea.

There's one way we can do both.

Because the Earth spins on its axis, centrifugal forces distort the planet's shape; the equator is pulled up and out while the poles are pushed in and down. This distortion is particularly apparent in the oceans.

Ti-wan-a-ku isn't necessarily at the wrong altitude. It's at the wrong latitude. A simple change in location, and all problems of depth disappear. A shift of 16.5 degrees directly north will put the city spot on the Equator.

At this location, Lake Titicaca ceases to be a lake altogether. It becomes a harbour. We may surmise from the altitude of Ti-wan-a-ku that the harbour was 300 feet deeper than the present-day depth of the lake.

And now that we have an oceanic port in Ti-wan-a-ku let's take the same trip we took from Ti-wan-a. Let's get ourselves a ship and sail directly west across the Pacific.

Some weeks later we make landfall.

I'm sure you've guessed where.

It's Taiwan.
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Ishmael


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Bolivia
VI


When the Earth's pole shifted, the poor natives of Boliva lost their homes without ever having left them. Their sea-side communities were transported, perhaps in the briefest of time, 13,000 feet into the air. Those who had formerly lived on hillsides found themselves natives of mountain tops.

Those who couldn't or wouldn't hack it abandoned their homes. Among these places was Tiwanaku. Stranded above the ocean, it no longer served any purpose. Its inhabitants left it as it was. Walking away. To where? Unknown.

Those who remained, attached to their homes, experienced a radical change of life. Raised 13,000 feet above their former altitude, the atmosphere was as lowered at this new latitude as was the sea level. Over generations, evolutionary processes (whether natural selection or otherwise) altered their physiology enabling them to thrive in their new circumstances.

But what of Taiwan?

In all the world, no place has a greater number and density of mountains than does Taiwan. There are 286 mountains here that rise more than 9000 feet above sea level. Shifted south toward the equator, Taiwan was then mostly submerged. We can be relatively secure then in assuming the former ocean level was approximately 9000 feet.

This cluster of 286 islands---the former Azores of Asia---were the homes of the Tayan peoples. Most of Southeast Asia consisted of Islands of similar size, all peopled by Austronesians. Further south, however, the Java Sea (only 150 feet deep!) and, further south, the Arafura Sea (2000 feet deep) rose out of the depths. The peoples who lived here are lost to history.

They were all drowned.
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Mick Harper
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Adding more water to the lake would only send more of it out over the brim of the lake to cascade down the mountainside to the ocean---an ocean that is 13,000 feet below.

No! The water flows out to Lake Poopo and then to a salt flat. None of it gets to within ten thousand feet of the ocean. This is probably critical to your case.
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Ishmael


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Mick Harper wrote:
No! The water flows out to Lake Poopo and then to a salt flat. None of it gets to within ten thousand feet of the ocean. This is probably critical to your case.


Ooops!

This is what comes of writing without checking.

Not sure if it helps or hinders my case.
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Mick Harper
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Nor me. Generally, when putting together a new theory, it is better to write without checking facts. You can always go back later and smooth out the ones that don't fit. If they don't fit too soon you give up on the theory.

cf the Australia-Antarctic gap over on the other thread.
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Ishmael


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How Continents Are Made
1


Some years ago, Mick Harper pointed out to me a most interesting fact: The highest altitudes above sea level reached by the Earth's tallest peaks, were congruent with the greatest depths below sea level reached by the ocean's great rifts. Sea level appears to be a median between the lower and upper reaches of the Earth's crust.

How could this possibly be so?

The mystery has sat there for years with neither of us knowing how to solve it. It was particularly grating in light of SLOT (Split Level Ocean Theory), which has always suffered from one principle problem: It can't build continents. The laying down of silt from run-off or the construction of vast reefs beneath the water-line can build out large regions of near-surface crust but nothing known to SLOT processes could raise these sunken shelfs above the waterline.

And this is the fact of the matter: All processes by which nature constructs new land are limited by the water level. Silt deposits will not rise above the surface, great reefs will not rise above the surface, and even volcanoes will not tower much above the surface before erosion forces them to flatten and subside.

This then is our natural upper limit. The ocean's surface.

But this is key to solving the riddle posed at the beginning of this post. For using these natural processes we can create a land form that rises from the sea floor to sea-level and thus build to the precise half-way mark between the crust's actual lower and upper limits. All we need to solve the remainder of the mystery is a method by which to raise the ocean floor to match sea-level.

You can probably guess the mechanism that does it.

Pole shifts.
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Ishmael


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How Continents are Made
II


Because the Earth spins, centrifugal forces at the equator push both land and water upward and outward, while compensating forces at the poles pull downward and inward. This positions sea-level at the equator farther from the Earth's center of mass than are these points at the poles.

Rock is less flexible than is water.

If the pole shifts, ocean depth alters immediately. Crustal depth is slow to change. A landmass of silt, dead crustaceans, or volcanic rock, formed at the equator, where it sat just below sea level, will rise thousands of feet out of the water if the pole is re-positioned.

But we need the land to rise precisely double the distance that exists from sea-floor to sea-level. How?
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Ishmael


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How Continents are Made
III


Sea level at the equator represents the altitude to which the Earth's centrifuge can lift the water on its surface. Water is more pliant so it responds more rapidly to any change in the planet's orientation. But this same plasticity makes it difficult to bend to any extreme. Water tends to spill downward into any and every crack and cranny. The Earth's crust, being hard and sold, is more difficult and time consuming to bend, but can theoretically be raised by centrifugal force to limits beyond sea-level.

When a new stretch of ocean floor slides into position over the equator, it begins to form sub-surface landforms: Silt and sand bars, reefs and volcanic rifts. These rise, as normal, to sea level and grow now more.

But all the while these sunken lands are forming, the sea floor is buckling beneath them, under the pressure of the centrifuge. The floor will continue to buckle and lift so long as the land remains above the equator. As the sea floor at the equator is pushed upward and outward, the sub-surface reefs, sand bars and islands formed (and forming) on that land are lifted into the air. These formations continue to rise until the crust on which they sit has been lifted to sea-level.

At its maximum extension, the highest peaks on the risen land exactly duplicate the ocean's depth.
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Ishmael


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How Continents are Made
IV


In the peculiar world of planetary geography, where liquid and solid seek equilibrium on a rotating world that periodically shifts its orientation with respect to its axis, what is up can become down, and what is down can become up.

Land which was at sea level when positioned on the Equator rises tens of thousands of feet into the atmosphere when suddenly shifted north or south. Likewise, what was dry land beyond the tropics can be plunged beneath the sea when suddenly shifted toward the equator.

The Hymalayas are an example of the first of these two cases. These highlands once sat directly over the equator and there rose out of the sea to form long island chains and small, subcontinents decorated with winding fjords and inland seas. It was over the equator that the Indian escarpment was shaped, where the southern limits of the Asian continent dropped away to the vast Indian Ocean under-which the Indian subcontinent was still mere seafloor.

A sudden pole shift pushed these vast islands northward and stranded them in the middle of a great new land mass. At their new latitude, the Himalayas transformed into a mountainous plateau that towered over the neighboring seas of sunken China. Their ancient continental mass fell away with earthquakes of erosive activity, and eons of constructed earthworks plunged down the long slopes of Tibet to sink into the sea and rest upon the sunken bedrock of the Pacific. Still another pole shift would one day raise these deposits above sea level where the vast alluvial fan would one day be recognized as China.

Perhaps no better examples of the second case can be seen than the terrible destruction wracked upon Sumatra and Northern Australia. Here, the shallows of the Java and Arafura Seas are all that remains of a great and inhabitable continent: Including an Australian northern coast line infinitely more fertile than anything since known to the dry, Island continent. What was once land at more southerly latitudes became sea-floor when suddenly shifted northward.

All over the world, with each pole shift, lands rose and fell without so much as an earthquake (though likely many were triggered by the catastrophe). No lands were raised by the collision of tectonic plates. No lands subsided into the hidden secrets of the planet's magma core. A simple change in latitude was more than sufficient to make rivers reverse their courses, to empty lakes and to lift great continents out of the sea while sinking others into the deep, to be forgotten there or mis-remembered.
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Ishmael


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How Continents are Made
V


Fundamental to this process: The planetary center of mass. Nothing has more importance to determining the relative altitudes of land masses, nothing is more fundamental to the separation of mountain peeks from Island tops, than is the center of mass.

Mount Everest rises nearly to 30,000 feet above sea level, at its present latitude. A vast altitude. So high that human beings cannot long remain at its summit or face death by asphyxiation. But for all it's height, Mount Everest would be transformed into an Hawaiian island within a vast Asian Ocean with the slighted alteration in the planet's center of mass--a lateral shift of 30,000 feet toward Everest's position on the surface.

Considering the Earth's diameter, at 41,851,000 feet, what is a mere 30,000 feet? Well, it is 0.07% of the total distance. And that's all we need shift the Earth's center of mass to make Everest disappear. But to merely submerge Asia, and leave it's peaks afloat, we need shift the center of mass only a little more than half that distance. 0.05% will more than do it. Bye-bye Asia. Gone the way of Atlantis.
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